Black pepper

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Piper nigrum

See also :

Other Names: Extrait de Poivre, Grain de Poivre, Hu Jiao, Kali Mirchi, Kosho, Krishna, Marich, Maricha, Pepe, Pepper, Pepper Extract, Pepper Plant, Peppercorn, Pfeffer, Pimenta, Pimienta, Pimienta Negra, Piper, Piper nigrum, Piperine, Poivre, Poivre Noir, Poivrier, Vellaja, White.
Black pepper and white pepper are made from the Piper nigrum plant. Black pepper is ground from dried, whole unripe fruit. White pepper is ground from dried, ripe fruit that has had the outer layer removed. The black pepper and white pepper powder are used to make medicine.

Special Precautions of Black Pepper

  • Preliminary evidence shows that it may be toxic in some circumstances, and may even interfere with reproductive processes, including negative effects on sperm. Piperine at doses higher than 15 mg daily may affect the metabolism of a wide range of drugs. Even lower doses may affect the bodys metabolism of some drugs.
  • Piperine may also form cancer-causing substances when eaten with nitrates. Experts suggest that people who take piperine supplements should be careful when also eating food that contains nitrates as a preservative.
  • Taking large amounts of black and white pepper by mouth, which can accidentally get into the lungs, has been reported to cause death. This is especially true in children.
  • Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It’s OK to use black and white pepper in food amounts if you are pregnant. But taking larger amounts might be unsafe. There is concern that black pepper in large amounts might trigger a miscarriage. Also, avoid putting pepper on your skin. Not enough is known about the safety of using topical pepper during pregnancy.If you are breast-feeding, limit pepper intake to food amounts. Not enough is known about the safety of using larger medicinal amounts.
  • Cancer : There is conflicting evidence about their role in cancer. Some evidence suggests pepper might protect against colon cancer, but other evidence suggests it might promote liver cancer.
  • Being a bioenhancer, black pepper can increase the uptake of pharmaceutical drugs, so should be taken away from medications. Be sure to check with a qualified healthcare practitioner before using black pepper essential oil.
  • Lithium interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER
  • Medications changed by the liver (Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) substrates) interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER.
  • Medications moved by pumps in cells (P-Glycoprotein Substrates) interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER.
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin) interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER.
  • Propranolol (Inderal) interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER
  • Rifampin interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER.
  • Theophylline interacts with BLACK PEPPER AND WHITE PEPPER

The benefits of Black Pepper are

Piperine is an alkaloid found in black pepper. A very common aroma molecule or terpene, called beta-caryophyllene (BCP), found in plant essential oils and abundantly present in black pepper, has been discovered to function as a cannabinoid.

  • Peppercorns actually have antimicrobial properties and have the ability to increase blood circulation which is important when warding off viruses. In India, they combine black pepper and tamarind, boil them with water and butter and ingesting the concoction to help relieve the symptoms of colds and flu. Another way is by mixing lemon juice, honey and black pepper and taking the mixture three times a day for one day to help starve cold.
  • weight loss : The property of piperine that makes it useful for weight loss is its ability to increase thermogenic activity. Thermogenesis is the process of generating cellular energy in cells and this effectively promotes an increase in the metabolic rate of the body. However, further studies are needed to be able to say that piperine itself is a weight loss aid.
  • enhances absorption of nutrients : Another of the health benefits of piperine is its ability to promote bio-availability of nutrients like beta-carotene, vitamin B6, amino acids, selenium, glucose, and curcumin.
  • inflammation : Piperine is also known to be of value in diseases where inflammation is involved like rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This also makes it a good pain reliever. Similar to other plant-based cannabinoids, BCP binds with the CB2 receptors, giving it the therapeutic effect of reducing inflammation. Various research has suggested that BCP could be used for the treatment of arthritis and osteoporosis, and may potentially increase the effectiveness of certain anti-cancer drugs.
  • Cancer : There is conflicting evidence about their role in cancer. Some evidence suggests pepper might protect against colon cancer, but other evidence suggests it might promote liver cancer.
    • piperine : In studies conducted on mice, piperine showed a positive effect on lung cancer by producing a significant decline in the formation of tumor nodules. The University of Michigan Cancer Center has done a study that shows that pepper can help keep breast cancer away. Piperine is found in the peppercorns and can help prevent a tumor from forming. The potential of this is heightened when combined with turmeric. Several other well-studied phytochemicals are found in black pepper in addition to piperine. These include:
    • Limonene – 18-20 percent content in black pepper. There are a myriad of studies, including human trials, that indicate limonene may be a potent anti-cancer compound.
    • Alpha-pinene – 10-12 percent content in black pepper; and
    • Beta-pinene – 24-26 percent content, both of which are discussed in more detail in this article.
    • Beta-caryophyllene – 25-35 percent content.
  • mood enhancer : Piperine is also known to improve production of serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that enhances ones mood and also relieves pain. Piperine is an alkaloid, making it harmful, as well as useful to the health. When taken in the right amount, piperine will give you all the health benefits it has to offer. However, caution should be taken as no RDA or recommended daily allowance is given for piperine. Pregnant women and mursing mothers as well as those with underlying medical conditions should first consult a doctor before starting any supplements with piperine.
  • Aromatherapy : Aching muscles, arthritis, chilblains, constipation, muscle cramps, poor circulation, sluggish digestion.

Used in Patent medicine

References

* Julia Lawless, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils (Rockport, MA: Element Books, 1995), 56-64.