Difference between revisions of "Kokam"

Revision as of 00:14, 13 July 2019

One of such dietary supplement is Garcinia indica choisy, commonly known as Kokam which is generally found in Western Ghats of India.

Health Benefits and Uses of Kokam

All parts of Kokam, i.e., fruit, rind, seed, etc., have plenty of health benefits.

• Its various kinds of drinks are very beneficial and most liked by the people of South India.
• It provides cooling effect and prevents from heat stroke (Malik et al. 2005). The conventional uses of Kokam encompass mainly as sharbat (a sweet drink), acidulant in many Indian dishes, tumor, edema, gastric problems, burns, and irregular menstruation (Kunnumakkara et al. 2009; Mayura et al. 2014; Nayak and Rastogi 2010; Swami et al. 2014).
• Due to its anorectic properties, Kokam juice is utilized as weight loss supplement as well (Swami et al. 2014).
• Pharmacological studies reveal its possibility to use clinically as cardiotonic (Hemshekhar et al. 2011), hepato-tonic (Deore et al. 2011), anti-inflammatory activity (Khatib et al. 2010), anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (Chatterjee et al. 2005; Varalakshmi et al. 2010), anti-cancer (Ding et al. 2006; Elisia and Kitts 2008), anti-obesity (Darji et al. 2010; Preuss et al. 2004), antioxidant (Ding et al. 2006; Selvi et al. 2003), neuroprotective effect (Antala et al. 2012), and hypoglycemic activity (Yamaguchi et al. 2000).
• Phytoconstituents present in G. indica include bezophenones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, lactones, and xanthones (Selvi et al. 2003).
• Leaves consist of citric acid, hydroxycitric acid lactones, and large amount of l-leucine (Jayaprakasha and Sakariah 2002).
• Kokam fruit is also rich in organic acid content such as malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, hydroxycitric acid, and garcinol.
• In addition, Kokam rind contains pigment as a mixture of two anthocyanins, namely, cyanidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-glucoside (Krishnamurthy et al. 1982).
• The main component of rind of Kokam is garcinol, isogarcinol, and camboginol, while the ripened rind contains hydroxyacetic acid and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) along with (Jagtap et al. 2015; Parle and Dhamija 2013a).
• A vast range of health benefits of various parts of Kokam justifies its exploration as a suitable functional food for neuroprotection in mental health disorders. Moreover, its isolated constituents such as garcinol, hydroxycitric acid, and Cyanidin-3-glucoside, were also effective in neuroprotection (Antala et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2009; Liao et al. 2005; Ohia et al. 2000).
• used as condiment in making many Indian cuisines (Yamaguchi et al. 2000).
• anxiolytic and antidepressant activity.

References

• Ding M, Feng R, Wang SY, Bowman L, Lu Y, Qian Y, Castranova V, Jiang BH, Shi X. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, a natural product derived from blackberry, exhibits chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:17359–17368. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600861200.
• Doron R, Lotan D, Rak-Rabl A, Raskin-Ramot A, Lavi K, Rehavi M. Anxiolytic effects of a novel herbal treatment in mice models of anxiety. Life Sci. 2012;90:995–1000. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.05.014.
• Elisia I, Kitts DD. Anthocyanins inhibit peroxyl radical-induced apoptosis in Caco-2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2008;312:139–145. doi: 10.1007/s11010-008-9729-1.
• Gupta G, Kazmi I, Afzal M, Rahman M, Saleem S, Ashraf MS, Khusroo MJ, Nazeer K, Ahmed S, Mujeeb M. Sedative, antiepileptic and antipsychotic effects of Viscum album L. (Loranthaceae) in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;141:810–816. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.013.
• Hadipour-Jahromy M, Mozaffari-Kermani R. Chondroprotective effects of pomegranate juice on monoiodoacetate induced osteoarthritis of the knee joint of mice. Phytother Res. 2010;24:182–185.
• Hemshekhar M, Sunitha K, Santhosh MS, Devaraja S, Kemparaju K, Vishwanath BS, Niranjana SR, Girish KS. An overview on genus garcinia: phytochemical and therapeutical aspects. Phytochem Rev. 2011;10:325–351. doi: 10.1007/s11101-011-9207-3.
• Jagtap P, Bhise K, Prakya V. A phytopharmacological review on Garcinia indica. Int J Herb Med. 2015;3:2–7.
• Jayaprakasha GK, Sakariah KK. Determination of organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica (Desr.) by LC. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2002;28:379–384. doi: 10.1016/S0731-7085(01)00623-9.
• Kaufman J, Charney D. Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12:69–76. doi: 10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K.
• Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, Rush AJ, Walters EE, Wang PS. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) JAMA. 2003;289:3095–3105. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.23.3095. ]
• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:617–627. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617. [PMC free article]
• Khatib NA, Pawase K, Patil PA. Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of Garcinia indica fruit rind extracts in wistar rats. Int J Res Ayur Pharm. 2010;1:449–454.
• Krishnamurthy N, Lewis YS, Ravindranath B. Chemical constituents of Kokum fruit rind. J Food Sci Technol. 1982;19:97–100. [Google Scholar]
• Kumar B, Kuhad A, Chopra K. Neuropsychopharmacological effect of sesamol in unpredictable chronic mild stress model of depression: behavioral and biochemical evidences. Psychopharmacology. 2011;214:819–828. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-2094-2.
• Kumar D, Bhat ZA, Kumar V, Khan NA, Chashoo IA, Zargar MI, Shah MY. Effects of Stachys tibetica essential oil in anxiety. Eur J Integ Med. 2012;4:e169–e176. doi: 10.1016/j.eujim.2012.01.005. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
• Kunnumakkara AB, Koca C, Dey S, Gehlot P, Yodkeeree S, Danda D, Sung B, Aggarwal BB (2009) Traditional uses of spices: an overview Molecular targets and therapeutic uses of spices. World Scientific, New Jersey. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/suppl/10.1142/7150/suppl_file/7150_chap01.pdf. Accessed 22 Jan 2016
• Kuptniratsaikul V, Thanakhumtorn S, Chinswangwatanakul P, Wattanamongkonsil L, Thamlikitkul V. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma domestica extracts in patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:891–897. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0186.
• Liao CH, Ho CT, Lin JK. Effects of garcinol on free radical generation and NO production in embryonic rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005;329:1306–1314. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.110.
• Malik SK, Chaudhury R, Kalia RK. Rapid in vitro multiplication and conservation of Garcinia indica: a tropical medicinal tree species. Sci Hortic (Amst) 2005;106:539–553. doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2005.05.002.
• Martin DS, Breitkopf NP, Eyster KM, Williams JL. Dietary soy exerts an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive female rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001;281:R553–R560.
• Mayura DN, Kuppast IJ, Virupaksha JH, Ravi MC. A review on Garcinia indica. Int J Uni Pharm Bio Sci. 2014;3:309–321.
• Molina F, López-Acedo E, Tabla R, Roa I, Gómez A, Rebollo JE. Improved detection of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria by multiplex PCR. BMC Biotechnol. 2015;4:15–48. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
• Nayak CA, Rastogi NK. Forward osmosis for the concentration of anthocyanin from Garcinia indica Choisy. Sep Puri Tech. 2010;71:144–151. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.11.013.
• Ohia SE, Awe SO, LeDay AM, Opere CA, Bagchi D. Effect of hydroxycitric acid on serotonin release from isolated rat brain cortex. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 2000;109:210–216.
• Okhawa H, Ohishi T, Yagi K. Assay of lipid peroxides in animals tissue by thiobarbituraic acid reaction. Anal Biochem. 1979;95:351–358. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3.
• Padhye S, Ahmad A, Oswal N, Sarkar FH. Emerging role of Garcinol, the antioxidant chalcone from Garcinia indica Choisy and its synthetic analogs. J Hematol Oncol. 2009;2:1–13. doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-38. [PMC free article]
• Pan Y, Kong L, Xia X, Zhang W, Xia Z, Jiang F. Antidepressant-like effect of icariin and its possible mechanism in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2005;82:686–694. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.11.010.
• Parle M, Dhamija I. Anxiolytic potential of Tamarindus indica. Ann Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;3:67–71.
• Parle M, Dhamija I. Golden benefits of drinking kokam-cola. Int Res J Pharm. 2013;4:5–9. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407.04502. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Parle M, Dhamija I. Where there is a Til, there is a will. J Pharm Sci Inno. 2013;2:37–40.

• Porsolt RD, Le Pichon M, Jalfre ML. Depression: a new animal model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Nature. 1977;266:730–732. doi: 10.1038/266730a0.
• Preuss HG, Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Rao CVS, Satyanarayana S, Dey DK. Efficacy of a novel, natural extract of (−)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX, niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract in weight management in human volunteers: a pilot study. Nutr Res. 2004;24:45–58. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2003.09.007.
• Reddy MS. Depression-the global crisis. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;34:201–203. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106011.
• Rodrigues AS, da Silva GL, Mateussi AS. Involvement of monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Siphocampylus verticillatus. Life Sci. 2002;70:1347–1358. doi: 10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01498-9.
• Sato M, Kitaura K, Minami T, Matsumoto S, Fukuda M. Hypothermia-related testicular toxicity of reserpine in mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2007;59:187–195. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.006.
• Selvi AT, Joseph GS, Jayaprakasha GK. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus by Garcinia indica extract and its antioxidant activity. Food Microbiol. 2003;20:455–460. doi: 10.1016/S0740-0020(02)00142-9.
• Shui G, Leong LP. Residue from star fruit as valuable source for functional food ingredients and antioxidant nutraceuticals. Food Chem. 2006;97:277–284. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.03.048.
• Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B, Simon P. The tail suspension test: a new method for screening antidepressants in mice. Psychopharmacology. 1985;85:367–370. doi: 10.1007/BF00428203.
• Swami SB, Thakor NJ, Patil SC. Kokum (Garcinia indica) and its many functional components as related to the human health: a review. J Food Res Tech. 2014;2:130–142. [Google Scholar]
• Tanyeri P, Buyukokuroglu ME, Mutlu O, Ulak G, Akar FY, Celikyurt IK, Erden BF. Evidence that the anxiolytic-like effects of the beta3 receptor agonist Amibegron involve serotoninergic receptor activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;110:27–32. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.05.017.
• Thierry B, Steru L, Simon P, Porsolt RD. The tail suspension test: ethical consideration. Psychopharmacology. 1986;90:284–285. doi: 10.1007/BF00181261.
• Tripathi S, Tripathi PK, Singh PN. Antidepressant activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf extract. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;3:415–422. [Google Scholar]

Varalakshmi KN, Sangeetha CG, Shabeena AN, Sunitha SR, Vapika J. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. Am-Eur J Agric Environ Sci. 2010;7:652–656.

• Wang Y, Gao S-M, Li R, Zhang M, Gao S, Yu C-Q. Antidepressant-like effects of the Radix Bupleuri and Radix Paeoniae Alba drug pair. Neurosci Lett. 2016;633:14–20. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.001.
• Willner P. The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology. 1984;83:1–16. doi: 10.1007/BF00427414.
• Yadav AV, Kawale LA, Nade VS. Effect of Morus alba L. (mulberry) leaves on anxiety in mice. Indian J Pharmacol. 2008;40:32–36. doi: 10.4103/0253-7613.40485.
• Yamaguchi F, Ariga T, Yoshimura Y, Nakazawa H. Antioxidative and anti-glycation activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:180–185. doi: 10.1021/jf990845y.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5462661/